Law Enforcement Career

jurisprudence Enforcement Carg iodinrLaw enforcement is a intriguing occupational group select that bring out behind make a electropositive dissimilitude to society. Law enforcement is a public service supplied to the community by the city, assert and federal governments (Funk Wagn tot anyys upstart Encyclopedia, 1986). Law enforcement incumbents are the front line of protective covering for the public within all of our communities. They protect us twenty quartet hours a twenty-four hour period, e rattlingday in e actually facet of our lives. Law enforcement is there to keep us safe in our travels as well as where we piss and live. This is a very serious profession and at measure dangerous but is a field that is absolutely imperative in order to keep society safe. This charge is not for everyone. A victorious legal philosophy force enforcement officeholder must gestate the desire to serve the public. non umteen individuals would choose a career that has as one of its requirements having to electioneering towards danger. This goes against all human instinct. Attempting to make the world a emend ready is very rewarding and noble mission. Those who elect such a career for the right reason of wanting to serve their community are very special individuals. They put their own safety on the line for all of us. thither seems little doubt that law enforcement is a dignified career that should have the respect of everyone. For those who have forthcoming ambitions in this field, it downs education, hard work, fearlessness and determination to be able to obtain this very rewarding career choice. A patrol officeholder can make a authorized(a) residue in peoples lives. How umpteen careers can make that statement? wholly societies need law enforcement. Law enforcement has existed in the United declares since the bulgening of European immigration. J. Edgar Hoover famous founder of the Federal Bureau of Investigation at one time said in ef fect(p)ice is incidental to law and order. This comment contracts to the root of why we have laws and the need to enforce them. Justice will be served when individuals rights and freedoms are protected. Law enforcement means ensuring obedience to laws (Websters bracing Edition Dictionary, 1997). American colonists brought with them the organize of the office of constable from the European system when they immigrated in the 1700 and 1800s. The depression local anesthetic modern jurisprudence department established in the United States was the capital of Massachusetts natural law division in 1838, followed by the New York urban center Police Department in 1845 (Stinchcomb, 2003). As people immigrated to the United States and people move westward towns and cities were built. The need for protection of the individual was indispensable. In time law enforcement was installed in these new territories for without it there would be no civilized society. Law enforcement is a key com ponent of criminal justice system and is necessary for a safe society. A career in law enforcement is something that many people follow, however not all are suited for the career. My aspiration is to make my community safe from discourtesy and society a better place to live. This has always been my dream. My paternal grandfather was a New York city police officer for nearly 30 days. My respect for him and others who carry on this difficult but truly meaningful work has inspired me. in that location are basic requirements that must be met in order to pursue a professional law enforcement career. The first step an individual takes towards graceful a New York city police officer is to take a written civil service examination. The Department of Citywide Administrative operate (DCAS) administers these exams. DCAS is responsible for the actual administration of the exam as well as the compilation of the list of names of individuals who materialise the exam. DCAS because provides the New York City Police Department with the list of outlooks. The Applicant Processing Division then begins the selection process. The New York City Police Department requires completion of 60 credits of college work with a 2.0 grade point bonny. Two years of military service can be substituted for the educational requirement. Also essential is a medical examination as well as a character background check (New York City Police department, 2011). Once these criteria have been met an individual can be considered for appointment. As far as the relievo of the country and other jurisdictions, the educational requirement for a police officer varies state to state. any(prenominal) require a college degree while others just high school (US Department of Labor, 2010-11 ed.). Successful officers require above average intelligence and good physical conditioning. They should have good interpersonal skills and solid willingness to learn. The police department will thoroughly investigate t he background of all candidates prior to appointment to the police academy. Critical to the job is sound character. An applicant is disqualified for a prior conviction of a crime. Previous work experience will allow investigators the chance to obtain a positive reference which will enhance the chances of appointment to the police force.What can one expect upon appointment to the New York City Police Department? The first phoebe bird years on the department, an individual is designated as patrolman. Working conditions metamorphose dependent on assignment. Upon graduation from the police academy the rookie officer is assigned to a training officer (Warners, 2011). The new officer was accomplished in text book cases while at the academy. The training officer is there to indoctrinate the new officer to the day to day work. This will help bolster the new officers experience by leveraging the noesis of a veteran officer while also building the rookies confidence. Some assignments m ay be more difficult than others as crime varies in different parts of a city. The work week is 40 hours. The hours of the day worked will vary as there obviously must be 24 hour coverage. Shifts can be 8am to 4pm, 4pm to 12am and 12am to 8am. There may be some variation dependent on a specific assignment. NY City Police officers receive 28 paid days off a year and unlimited sickness time. Medical coverage is part of their compensation. At this present time an officer can retire after 20 years of service with half pay which is salve from both New York City and New York State taxes. If an officer is permanently injured on the job they will receive three quarters pay exempt from all taxes including federal taxes. Police and Sheriffs patrol officers had a medium annual wages of $51,410 in May 2008. Police and detective supervisors medium income was $75,490 in May 2008 (US Department of Labor, 2010-11 ed) New York City police department salaries begin at $41,000 and will increase up t o $60,000 within the first five years (New York City Police Department, 2011). Emotional melodic line is a massive problem. For the patrolman working the street no two days may be alike. Police officers experience physical stress with working displacement reaction work as well as facing physical danger. This stress not only impacts the officer, but also affects their family. Many married officers get divorced. Managing the stress of job and family pressure is important to the officers mental well existenceness. unvoiced stress has been shown to adversely affect an officers health, From a management view this will lead to absenteeism which in turn leads to decreased productivity. (Tang and Hammontree, (1992). Critical to the individual candidate for a law enforcement position is the readiness to mitigate stress via the police department counseling programs as well as through out of doors interests. Also the candidate must understand their own self with experience to anxiety and how they deal with it. There is a broad range of social diversity on the New York City Police force. In increase there is broad diversity in the community. Officers are ceaselessly being evaluated by their supervision. The entire department is constantly being monitored by the civil review board as well all the media that covers police act daily.As with any career choice there are both advantages and disadvantages with a law enforcement career. The advantage of the New York City Police Department is the ability to take and pass written examinations all the way up to the captains designation. The onus is on the individual to be motivated to prepare and pass these written examinations. A disadvantage is being subjected to New York City financial constraints which will impact pay scales along with other benefits. This is mitigated by the collective bargaining by the police union which generally has the police officers best interests in mind. There is a solid employment future as the city will always require law enforcement. holy man career cut is police officer for 5 years, then take the sergeants exam. A sergeant must wait 3 years prior to testing for lieutenant and then 2 years prior captains test. There are many specialties within the police department. There is the K-9 unit, detective, narcotics, scuba, aviation, marine, mounted provide division and various others. One of particular interest is forensics or the screening of scientific analysis in process of criminal investigation (Websters New Edition Dictionary, 1997). The captain is the highest tested position before political appointments to inspector. changeless training and study in all of the police department rules and regulations as well as in human behavior is the best path to advancement. As previously discussed physical and mental stress can exsert down the individual. Overall opportunities in local police departments will be favorable for individuals who meet the psychological, per sonal, and physical qualifications. In addition to openings from employment growth, many openings will be created by the need to replace workers who retire and those who leave local agencies for Federal jobs and private-sector security jobs. Jobs in local police departments that spree relatively low salaries, or those in urban communities in which the crime rate is relatively high, may be the easiest to get. Some smaller departments may have fewer opportunities as budgets limit the ability to hire excess officers. Bilingual applicants with military experience or college training in police science will have the best opportunities in local and State department (US Department of Labor, 2010-2011 ed.).Law enforcement is a challenging career choice that will make a positive difference to a society. A police officer is entrusted with enormous power. No other government ex officio has the same breadth of authority (Baker, 2006). A police officer is true public servant who must exhibit co mpassion, courage, sound judgment and constant alertness. Few professions have such an opportunity to help people so directly (Baker, 2006). A career in law enforcement would be very challenging as well as personally rewarding. I consider that I am well suited for a career in law enforcement. I am interested in helping others. such a career can make a real difference to society. My personal temperament is generally understanding and I enjoy being out in the community. In order to attain my goal I must become college educated. I must prepare to the best of my ability for the rigors both physically and mentally of a law enforcement career.

A business analysis project for Amazon.com

A employment epitome project for virago.com openingBusiness analysis, a forge of finding the needs and problems in melodic downslope and generating solutions to cater to those problems. These Solutions should focus to achieve improvements in the process, incorpo ration of fundamental lawal change, preparation and study to set a system of operation that is result oriented and effective. thither be numerous tools and techniques utilize dep demiseing on the situation and requirement a couple of(prenominal) are PESTEL, PORTERs model, SWOT analysis, HEPTALYSIS, MOST, CATWOE, DeBonos six thinking hats, MoSCoW, five whys, VPEC-T and much than just tho few of the above tools are apply, real frequently in critical analysis at the sign stages.ABSTRACTIn this bailiwick we analyze as how virago.com has been performing off late, using the tools menti wizd above. The advantages and disadvantages Amazon.com has over their competitors, where they view been lagging, their pecun iary performance and strategic approach. Critical analysis will be through on their business environment and strategic approach to set off any possible shortf each(prenominal)s and to provide with appropriate recommendations for improvements. Internal and external analysis will be under engrossn to go under their merchandiseing strategy, their response to orbicular e-retail industry. companionship PROFILEAmazon.com based in Washington and found by Jeff Bezos in 1994 is global leader in e-commerce and it was the first company to introduce the theory of copeing replete(p)s on the Internet. Initially Amazon.com started as an on gillyflower book line and its success take Amazon to diversify into some other products such as gifts, music, electronics, groceries, toys and many more than. credibly today there is no product that Amazon.com doesnt sell. Amazon.com has developed different gain portal sites for different countries such as Canada, UK, Germany, France, China and Japa n.Amazon.com was named after(prenominal) worlds largest river Amazon and was assigned with a logo of an arrow starting from A to Z representing the node satisfaction as the highest priority and fill their store houses with e genuinely product in the alphabet.Amazon.com was open for trading under NASDAQ with a symbolisation AMZN for the first time on 15 may, 1997 by issuing initial public offering at a scathe of US $ 18/share.Amazon.com in its early stages was not very successful and did not parent any receiptss, which made investors rethink about their portfolio, major business and process restructuring was required they had to cut d declare their approachs to enlarge the profits and were secure up from diversifying into more products, however Amazon.com survived the dot com bubble in 2000 which was the heart and soul priming coat for many e- businesses to close down and this was the turning point for Amazon.com after which they lowestly in the fourth can, 2001 they mad e their first profit which begetd r stillues of more than a billion$ and $ 5million profits in just 1 quarter. This take Amazon.com to prove to the world that their business model was profit adequate and samewise they fashionableized online shop which was recognized by time magazine and awarded Jeff as the business individual of the year.1.3. MISSION VISION STATEMENTSAmazon.com visionOur vision is to be earths most customer centric company to build a place where people tramp come to find and dis brood anything they might want to buy online. (Amazon.com, 2010) preceding(prenominal) statement reflects that amazon.com wants to be global leader in e-retailing business by providing the select products at affordable price using in vogue(p) engineering to build the customer database and gain their committal towards the brand thereby give to the stakeh anileers interests and generating profits to the company. Expand themselves all over and build a practical(prenominal) findet place where customers groundwork shop comfortably from at home. summary2.1. EXERNAL ANALYSISThe external environment also referred to as the macro-environment, plays a very important role in the operations of any business. Key environmental factors such as political, economical, neighborly, technological, sound, etc. affect the organisations at various levels. It has start out the need of the hour to consider the potential impact of the external factors on the individual organisations. (Johnson et al, 2006).2.1.1 PESTEL analysisPESTEL analysis is conducted to determine current and future archs in political, economical, social, legal, environmental and technological environments, might influence the performance of business and what measures to be taken to avoid any shortfalls.PESTELFactorsKey PointsRelevance to Amazon.comPolitical governing body policies incorporate argument and promotion by liberalizing telecom and e-commerce legislation change magnitude in affordability and profit custom.Investing in matter ICT infrastructures by giving medication (Euro monitor)Reliable, faster and wagerer earnings usage for the national users.Relaxation of disputation policies in industry as compared to heavy industries in EU and northeast Ameri atomic number 50 regionsExpansion of markets at greater a pace by mergers and acquisitions.EconomicTo govern inflation, interest rates varied which slows down the consumer expending in UK.Off late spending has seen a downfall in US and jump out in Asiatic markets due to economic ontogeny main reason being the credit crunch and tightening the trapping loan (The Times online, 2008)Opens the gates to other global markets to such as India and china.Between 2006 and 2011 e-retailing grows horrendously by rising gross revenue over one C%. This outgrowth is backed by plus in the physical body of profit users in US, which has increase approximately by 85% after 2000. (Euromonitor world-wide from national statistic s)Increase in potential customers for Amazon.comThe annual disposable income exceeds US$5,000. by 2011 covering around 620 million households of these majority will be in Asia- Pacific next to western Europe. (Euro monitor International from national statistics)Increase in potential customers for Amazon.com leading to the concept of globalization.SocialPopularity and change magnitude use of online social networking.Added advantage to market the product and the websiteInterface on tap(predicate) for users to shop and the increase in number of products lead to drop in online shopping.Has to come up with a solution to reduce the security and financial risks to users.Growth of internet from 2002 to 2011 is 288.7%. 28.9% of world population use the internet (Internet beingness Stats, 2009)Huge market uncommitted to exploit and establish.TechnologicalInnovation of up-to-the-minute technologies increased broadcasting, internet access at cheaper cost.Increase in number of users of pro ficient devices such as mobile, iPods, TV, led for increase in internet access for online shopping.Innovations and development of high-speed internet services (broadband) has increased usage rich media applications.Rich media applications are easily available to shoppers on internet.environmentalAwareness about pollution and global warming.Reduced travel and more shopping online.Corporate social responsibility and global pressure to go green.Can incorporate concept of green within postage and packaging, methods. profoundNo standard regulations governing e-retailing covering entire globe. Eg. Federal alternate commission in USA and data protection act in UK.Should be well aware of both domestic and international legal laws.European E-retailing coachiveCould impact the picky continental growth of e-retailing considering exact regulations (Jacobson, 2008 as cited in Zugelder et al, 1999).The invention of electronic signatures Law.Removes traditional legal methodologies and instate more secure and transparent legal environment.Summary of PESTELPESTEL factors indicate attractive global market to be exploited by Amazon.com. Asian markets have reflected tremendous growth opportunities in recent past. Advancement and usage of internet for social networking has led to immature opportunities to be exploited. Amazon.com should support environment friendly actions as increased importance is been given to environment these days, also to be a true global company Amazon.com has to incorporate single global strategy which involves legalities common to all of the globe.2.1.2 Industry competitor analysis (PORTERs Model)For any organisation the industry and competitor analysis is important as it comes handy for businesses to reckon the competitive forces, market status, factors influencing, competitive strategic implementations.Porters Five Forces analysis is used to assess the attractiveness of different industries, and therefore, it crapper help in illustrating the so urces of contender in a particular industry (Johnson et al, 2006).Porters five forcesHigh pitiablePower of suppliersSuppliers retain the control as few brands and special products increase the cost down the network. For example Harry Potter books are grievous bodily harm from publisher which is an advantage for Amazon.comE- Retailing sets a stage and gear ups it much easier for businesses to sell products directly to consumers without any third party in- amid.Power of suppliers bob up if the control of certain type of products rests with one supplier than fragmented.Products available easily pay off low power to suppliers and they have to act to a mower margin.Wider the market, wider is the stretch for suppliers thereby increasing number of suppliers.Power of buyerIncreased market rivalry has increased the power of buyers. Increase in number of online stores and comparability sites makes e-retailing business even more difficult.Threat of sweet entrantsInitial uppercase requ ired for such a business is very low as it doesnt involve any account and storage costs and will only need to implement technologyStrong brand image incorporates good customer relations and trust.Since the competition is very tight the suppliers who emphasize on economies of scale and consider business turnover over profits make more business and profits in the long runleaders in the online retail industry hold the advantage of customer loyalty and database while giving edge over the cost.Threat of SubstitutesLatest market factors such as feel, touch, hear physical stores makes an effect.One of the major threats to Amazon.com is online rentals quite of purchase as posed by texbookflix.com, bookrenter.com which reduces cost and pile of fight to a major extent.Internet is a global marketplace where consumers can get information and products which are much break in fiber and from overseas online for no or very little cost.E-libraries, $ and pound shops mark greater threat nowaday s.Mail orders, network marketing, catalogues although not very popular and effective yet pose threat to online buyingCompetitive argument try engine plays a major role at the consumer end for it acts as interface betwixt seller and buyer which generates opportunities and PR to other e-retailers.Due to low initial investment costs there are a numerous affiliate online stores which are smaller still increase the competition.Summary of key findings from Porters Five ForcesThe competition in e-retailing industry is intense. thither are number of small organizations adding frequently making the situation even worse. Main competitors to Amazon.com are BN and E-bay.The threat posed by small players and new entrants who can equally argue directly with Amazon.com is very low.When consumers consider prices of goods they also consider brand image and if they are reliable, most of customers expect quality service than just quantity and lower priced service.2.1.3 Competitor analysis / Benchma rkingAmazon.com has a wide product range and equally wide number of websites that compete with Amazon.com. Most of the e-retailers concentrate on introducing variety of products in the current available market or entering the new markets across the globe or both in order to verify economies of scale which helps catch up with the pace of e-commerce industry. If we consider how alter the product line is and the geo graphical markets catered, eBay poses direct competition to Amazon.com. However Amazon.com is the market leader in current trend and they have immediate urgency to expand both their product line and geographical reach to remain as leaders.As we can get wind in the above graph, in 2006 Amazon.coms growth rate as compared to that of walmart was very low because walmart was a strong brand by then and had advantages of cross channel synergies and in-store pick up. In 2007 we observe the amazon getting close at hand(predicate) to walmarts growth rateas they diversified into products such as music, cds, dvds, mp3 players and more due to increased competition from these players walmart has been losing its market share continuously and however once can see that by 2008 Amazon.com is almost overtaken the walmart by providing with various offers such as free talking to and customer reviews.(Source Data monitor)The above table shows stupefy of Amazon.com that they are more diversified into the product line and geographically well spread. Companies like apple, hp, and dell do online retailing only for focused group of products. However store based companies grew very strongly in 2008, but due to economical, hit not too many companies was able to survive. Amazon.com did by lowering delivery charges and provided with best offers. They also introduced ad-free TV and own download service and film streaming service in 2008 to trounce all of their competitors.Through competitor analysis it can be think thatBN.com is the leading competitor to Amazon in lifesty le goods and books. However, Amazon has a diversified product range.Wal-Mart.com has almost similar prices as compared to Amazon but they have better product range such as pharmacy, pic printing and etc.Ebay.com also has a wider product range and better geographical reach but their concept is different to Amazon.comMore competitive threat posed by Tesco, Wal-Mart as they have physical stores and eBay has better geographical reach, but however Amazon.com has option to develop the strategic alliances as they did in Japan with Lawson to capture the market.Amazon.com has to design its strategies to address these competitive threats.2.1.4 world-wide internet trendsInternet Usage china, US, Germany, India, Brazil, Japan are amongst the top 5 countries where internet is used the most Amazon.com has made its impact in all the above countries except for India. This implies and directs Amazon.com to exploit hidden opportunity in Asian market and huge business potential for future. Graph bel ow shows the popularity of internet in the 21st century, which indicates the future of e-commerce as trends keep ever-changing.CUsersWELCOMEDesktoptop202010.jpeg(Source Worldinternetstats.com)The graph below shows the dominance of Amazon.com sector wise. The balloon shows of all the business done by amazon.com majority has been in internet retailing direct selling, vend and home shopping is almost void. This reflects the influence of internet on the business of Amazon.com. It is also seen below emerging markets and present markets where currently Amazon.com has its presence. Of all the retail sales jimmy Amazon.com holds a very small share but then future trends look brighter as the CAGR expected is highest in India by 2011. This lays a pathway to Amazon.com as to establish themselves without any delay in India.(Source Data monitor)(Source Data monitor)2.2. INTERNAL ANALYSISInternal analysis can be conducted to determine relationship between the organizations available resources and its application to generate value proposition to the customer, it can also be used to determine the limitations, advantages and disadvantages within the organizations.2.2.1 The Value ChainThe value chain analysis helps find the effectiveness of actions that makes organizations standout from their competitors and take a lead i.e. activities that are difficult to duplicate. Applying the material laid by Amit and Zott (2001) analytical objective of value chain is attaining of performance cost economies value creation. Amazon.com focuses on reducing the costs in creating crotchety value to its customers.Support ActivitiesValue creationFirm Infrastructure completely of the business units are provided with central customer data warehouse and planning functions from headquarters.Human Resource ManagementAmazon.com employees enjoy benefits such as personal credit line grants, relocation allowances, paidTime off medical. Such an approach invites warehouses to be in cheaper locatio ns yet attract skilled labour.Technology DevelopmentAmazon.com implements latest technology to leverage opportunities in digital sales such as videos, music, eBooks (The Economist, August 2006) Being able to digitize media for online download or for Search inside the book service.Usage of hardware systems to reduce cost of support and compatibilityProcurementUsing the SBU-Book bank to maintain inventory of digital copies of books so as to make it available readily for customers on- pack and reduce time of delivery(The Economist, August 2008).Usage of recyclable cardboards for packaging.Primary ActivitiesInbound logistics big-chested portent technology ensures no or very returns of goods to suppliers.Collection of customer feedback and experiences to defragment inventory and delivery controls.OperationsSecure and fast online payment systems.Employ 24/7 warehouse services to meet consumer demands.OutboundlogisticsBuilt in close proximity of a robust transport system e.g. Bedfordshir e fulfilment centre located next to M1.Ability to collate orders from around said(prenominal) locations. merchandise SalesLive customer interaction to offer sufficient products at discounted prices and product mix, leaving customer feel more valued.Robust shipping price calculation and shipping all the products for the price of one. benefitFree consumer friendly returns policy within 30 days on unsatisfaction, inviting consumers to try more new products.Provision to select between old and new products with price comparison2.2.2 fiscal analysisIn Q4 2009, Amazon reported 42%, $9.52b rise in sales as compared to oecumenical sales of preceding year which was $24.51b, a mere 28% rise under the economic pressure they also benefitted from the investments into customer services in Q3 however rise in their revenues all over the world doesnt allude high profit margins. As compared to the consistent rise in sales, the profits have been fluctuating, however their margins are very low as compared to the turnover, reason being the economies of scale and competition.(Source GMID)Amazon.com did see a drastic rise in number of active customers in latter half of 2009, in the final quarter the average revenue/ customer rise more than $90, a mere 63% hike as compared to previous quarters.However rise in sales and number of active customers also rise their expenses significantly except for technology costs. $274m, 84% more as compared to previous quarter was spent on marketing activities. They invested money on paid see engine marketing, search engine optimization and content development. Also they entered into price war with their competitors to tie-up consumers by reducing their prices of electronic goods persuading consumers to buy from them which raised(a) the revenues and number of customers.Amazon Global Revenue and Active Customers 2009(www.365daysofretail.com)Amazon 2009 Expenses Fulfillment, Technology, and Marketing(www.365daysofretail.com)Below shows a summary of balance sheet and income statements for 10 years, as we can observe amazon.com has been adding value to its stakeholders year on year where EPS has rised to 2.04 from 1.49 previous year. Amazon.com has been very consistent ear on tear however between 2005-2006 their EBIT dropped because they had high budget on marketing and investment in systems which allowed them to incumbrance ahead of competitors.CUsersWELCOMEDesktop11.bmpCUsersWELCOMEDesktop12.bmp(www.msnfinance.com)Debt, Capital and gearing ratio indicates the ratio of debt to capital invested. 82% of the finance was from borrowing in 2005 which reduced to 68% in 2006 and has further reduced dramatically. Debts lead to the interest payments decreasing the profit margin, however if the cost of debt is less than capital cost then one can opt for debt, but Amazon has been continuously reducing their debt cost year o year and is just $109m in 2009. New projects has to be financed which emphasizes amazon.com to borrow, this can be justified by the data where interest cover has increased regularly concluding amazon.com ability to pay interest by 33.1 times is profitable.Amazon has huge financial reserves and can used for innovative research and development programs and technological implementations where they can incorporate single global strategy and also penetrate more geographic markets to give value to the stakeholders and customers.2.3 SUMMARY OF ANALYSIS2.3.1 SWOT analysisFrom a fine Internal and external analysis we can conclude and summarize the Amazon.com strengths, weakness, threats and opportunities from the pursuit SWOT analysis.StrengthsGlobally recognised brandResearch and development programmes geographical presenceCustomer focussed visionDiversified product lineIncorporation of latest technologyAmazon.com affiliate and merchant Program exceedingly skilled employee baseBest inventory and logistics.Huge economies of scaleWeaknessesNo physical storesLower profit margin due to high competiti onLow cash flowsLower market share in countries like India and china.OpportunitiesTremendous growth in digital downloadsPopularity of social networkingIncrease of online shoppers in Asian marketsOpen options for expansion via MA.Increase in e sales and growth of e-retailingAdvancement of digital technologyRise in consumer spending across the globeThreatsVastly dependent on vendorsHuge competition as it requires low capitalApplicable Patent regulations.Piracy difficult business vision.CONCLUSION RECOMMENDATIONS3.1 CONCLUSIONSAnalysis toolKey pointstrategic essencePESTELRise in number of internet users.High priority to environmental issuesVarious government policies aiding now than before.Rise in internet usage opens new markets like china and India.Environmental issues can be utilized to advantage by incorporating proper CSR.Legal and government policies ordinarily are havoc.Porters 5 forcesRise in competition levels taking into stipulation the porters five forces.Amazon.com has t he competitive advantage and the value proposition.CompetitionCompetition from new entrants and stores are growing at a very high pace and geographically.Amazon.com strategy and diversified business focus leading to innovation should be implemented.Future internet trendsUSA, China, Japan, Germany, Brazil and India are the top internet users between 2006-2011.Amazon.com has a presence in all these countries except in India.The value chainAmazon.com is equipped with global IT, high investments in technology and overbearing logistics with a centralized management.This stands out Amazon.com from other players in the market thereof they should hold the competitive advantage of brand image.Resource Based figureBiggest asset of Amazon.com is customer base, web personalization and value proposition they offer to their customer. expend the available resources, technology and global strategic reach to outplay competitors.Financial AnalysisRise in revenue every year and %CAGR growth has not led to high profits.Manage costs, resources and economies of scale more in effect to generate more profits3.2 RECOMMENDATIONSLong-term focusInternet retailing presents a challenge to traditional retailing to see increased investments from store based retailers such as wal-mart making it more crucial for amazon.com to maintain a long term vision and invest in innovation, customer experience, diversified product range in spite of profit maximisation expectations.Exploit New MarketsAmazon.com should consider entering into more new markets in particular Asian where the buying power, standard of living and the demand has rised dramatically over past few years as global economic changes take place.Downloads ExpansionAmazons core business in future will be digital downloads, although they were latecomer in the field of film, music, TV downloads they have to cater to the demand in a highly competitive market along with their diversified product line. Also they have to concentrate on eBook s media division.Sensitivity to changing variablesIt is very important for amazon.com to be sensitive to the minor particulars such as changing trends, tastes, preferences of consumers from time to time as the purchasing power and changing lifestyles generate more demand leaving companies like Amazon.com to respond so such a market research and imagination will be an advantage.Build selling opportunitiesAmazon.com should seek ways to sell products to customers with less havoc, straight off and securely as they did in text message selling without internet. In order to achieve this they need to have high end technical skills. Recently released kindle can also be used as a tool to increase the download sales.

Milk Adulteration and Its Toxicological Effects

d newfangled Adulteration and Its Toxicological Effects initiationDespite the governing the control of reference and sale of take disclose lively for decades, deterioration of draw could non be checked. With the profit demand of take out, the deterioration of this commodity is on increasing day by day. The problem of adulteration is more than during summer and rainy seasons, when milk crosswayion in comparatively a great deal less(prenominal) than the winter season.Adulteration of a food word whitethorn be defined as making the article muddy by the addition of some of the legally prohibited substances into a more rich product or the subtraction into a more valuable comp whizznt a product to de cherish the latter or the conclave of both, with a view to subjoin the bulk or quality and to increase unlawful, excessive profit through sale of such(prenominal) a food. perpetually since the system of organized milk collection was introduced in this country, the quality o f milk received by our dairy farm industry has not been improved. The adulteration is carried out through a number of fraudulent practices, which not notwithstanding set out down the nutritional value but turn overs it unfit for human employment with cyanogenetic effects. The load milk alike leads to the production of standard dairy products resulting in economic harmes. The practice of adulteration has beseem extensive imputable to existing conditions of production and handling of milk. Various no. of tests determine the temper and extent of adulteration of milk and even adulterants.The purchasing power of some(prenominal) consumers in our country is very low. Consequently such consumers often go for the lower price of milk, even knowing about the unfortunateer quality of the same. such(prenominal) attitude of the consumers makes adulteration of milk possible to a greater extent. 1Types of adulterationThe ballparkly exercised adulterants beadd-on of water.Addition o f separated milk.Addition of thickening agents when milk id watered it becomes deficient in density and in like manner viscosity which may be restored by addition of substances like gelatin, chide sugar, starch, glucose.Partial skimming.Addition of colourizeing matter to restore color lost by skimming or diluting or to make naturally poor looking to appear rich.Unusual adulterants-of late, due to more wide diffuse use of fertilizers by farmers in India, who atomic number 18 also the primary milk producers, a few new types of adulterants like urea, ammonium sulphate etcetera have come up. 2MILK ITS COMPOSITIONmilk is an emulsion or colloid of butter flumpten up globules with in a water based fluid that contains dissolved carbohydrates and protein aggregates with minerals. take out is the secretion, practically supererogatory from colostrum, obtained by the milking of healthy udder.it re ease ups one of the sources of essential aminic acids for human nutrition. These nutri tional attributes of milk have long made it a mainstay particularly in the diet of growing children. There argon estimated to be the 8 to 10 thousand milk products made of milk available in world thus making it exceptionally assorted raw product. draw is composed of water, fat, protein, lactose, and minerals. The concentration of these products varies between cows and breeds. sum total milk solid refers specifically to fat, protein, lactose and minerals. This is to be differentiated from SNF (solid not fat), a frequently used term which describes the total solid table of sums minus fat.The nutritional as well as economic value depends upon its solid contents. The nobleer the solid content the greater the milk product yields. Cheese yield are directly relayed to milk casein content. Milk contains dozens of other types of proteins beside the caseins including enzymes. These other proteins are more water-soluble than the caseins and do not form sizabler structures. Be curtilage the proteins remain suspended in the whey left behind when the caseins coagulate into curds, they are collectively known as whey proteins.Calcium, phosphate, magnesium, sodium, potassium, citrate, and chlorine are all included as minerals and they typically occur at concentration of 540 mm. 3Composition stumble milkWater 84-90% enlarge 2-6%Protein 3-4%Lactose 4-5%Ash .1%NEED FOR bear upon OF MILKA multitude of events takes place in the process of delivering milk from the farm to the dinner table and all are designed to append the consumer with wholesome, nutritious and safe products. The production of quality milk and milk products are begins in the farms and continuous through further handling, touch and distribution.Milk processing has two primary objectivesDestruction of human pathogens through pasteurization.Keeping the quality and shelf living of the products without prodigious loss of flavor, appearance, physical and nutritive properties.Milk processing and plant proc edure seeks toPrevent further bacterial pollution of raw material.Reduce bacterial numbers in milk.Protect the sunk products from recontamination through careful handling, proper packing and storage.Pasteurization is the means whereby raw milk is rendered safe for human consumption. It is the process of heating milk to a sufficient temperature for a sufficient length of time to make it free from pathogens, and spoilage bacteria. 4TOXICOLOGICAL EFFECTS OF ADULTERANTSFORMALINFormalin is added in milk to preserve it for longer period. Formalin is very toxic. Many cases of biological variant and reproduction complication have been noted. On toxicity it fuck offs tumors formalin gravels systema nervosum centrale disorders and also irritates odorize, throat and lungs. When taken in eminent dose it attempt merchantmancer and may lead to coma.UREAUrea is generally added in the preparation of synthetic milk to raise the SNF value. say-so symptoms are burn sensation in throat and c hest cough, dyspnea, exercise-induced asthma (one case) redness, in look and come up, headache nausea, vomiting, lung damage-fibrosis, inflammation (HE11). Affected organs are respiratory system, skin, eyes, it has also used medically as an abortifacient and a skin moisturizer.ammonium SULPHATEThe presence of ammonium sulphate increases the lactometer reading. The product has low toxicity. However, the avocation points should be noted. On skin contact prolonged contact may cause some ire. On eye contact it may cause irritation. On ingestion small quantities are unlikely to cause toxic effect and large quantities flip over rise to gastro-intestinal disorders. On inhalation high dust concentration of air-borne material may cause irritation of the nose and upper respiratory tract with symptoms such as sore throat and coughing. Inhalation of some decomposition gases may cause irritation and bitter effects on the respiratory system. Some lungs effect may be delayed.HYDROGEN PEROXID EMilk is treated with different concentrations of enthalpy bleach (0.01, 0.02, 0.03, 0.04, 0.05 and 0.06 % of H2O2), along with control sample (untreated sample), for the purpose to activate Lacto peroxidase system, which destroy the bacterial population by its antibacterial effect. Lacto peroxidase (LP) system is naturally present in raw milk that prevents the bacterial multiplication due to its bacteriostatic effect. By activating the LP-system, shelf life of milk can be change magnitude for 8 to 12 hours. Lacto peroxidase (LP) system consists of three components LP, thiocyanate and hydrogen peroxide. And it is active only when all of three components are present. Lacto peroxidase catalyzes the oxidation of thiocyanate by hydrogen peroxides and generates an mean(a) product with antibacterial properties. These products have a broad range of healthful effects against bacteria, fungi and viruses.ObjectivesRaw milk preservation by use of H2O2 is done for many important purposes likeTo enhance the shelf life of milk for consumption without microbial contamination.To minimize the processing cost by heating the milk.Side Effects of Hydrogen PeroxideEye movie to dilute hydrogen peroxide may cause extreme irritation and pain, but is unlikely to cause permanent damage.Enemas of dilute hydrogen peroxide have been reported to cause serious gastrointestinal side effects. flake off contact with narrowd hydrogen peroxide can cause stark(a) burns and even gangrene.An overuse of H2O2 can cause damage to desoxyribonucleic acid cells, and prevent them from replicating, hence leading to premature aging.The use of hydrogen peroxide can cause your skin to dry out or quite a drains away the moisture content in skin, which is required to keep your skin looking young and supple.Vitiligo is a disease that is marked by the loss of skin pigment, which affects a lot of people. Studies show that it is due to the high levels of hydrogen peroxide in the blood and epidermis.It can cause irritation in gums and teeth, since H2O2 is a highly fight backive compound.Hydrogen peroxide being highly reactive can easily pass through your in any caseths enamel and react with the dentin and pulp part of your tooth.Throat soreness is another earthy side effect of hydrogen peroxide. 5SUGARThe common sugar present in milk is lactose. The fat content of the milk is more compared to the protein content. gameboard sugar like sucrose is added to the milk to increase the carbohydrate content of the milk and thus the density of milk provide be increased. So the milk can now be adulterated with water and it will not be detected during the lactometer test. Ketose sugar will react with the resorcinol to give a red colored precipitate, indicating the presence of Table sugar in milk.SIDE EFFECTS OF SUGAR carbohydrate can suppress your resistive system.Sugar eaten during pregnancy and lactation can influence brawniness draw out production in offspring, which can affect an ind ividuals qualification to exercise.Sugar can elevate glucose and insulin responses and return them to fasting levels slower in oral contraceptive users.Sugar can increase reactive type O species (ROS), which can damage cells and create from raw materials.Sugar can cause hyperactivity, anxiety, inability to concentrate and crankiness in children.Sugar can produce a significant rise in triglycerides.Sugar causes a decline in tissue elasticity and persist the more sugar you eat, the more elasticity and function you lose.Sugar reduces high-density lipoproteins (HDL).Sugar can lead to ovarian cancer.Sugar can increase fasting levels of glucose.Sugar causes copper deficiency.Sugar can make tendons more brittle.Sugar can increase the levels of glucose in the blood much higher than complex carbohydrates in a glucose tolerance test can.Sugar can cause two blood proteins albumin and lipoproteins to function less effectively, which may reduce the bodys ability to handle fat and cholester ol.Sugar can contribute to Alzheimers disease.Sugar can cause platelet adhesiveness, which causes blood clots.Sugar can cause hormonal unbalance some hormones become underactive and others become overactive.Sugar can cause free radicals and oxidative stress.Sugar increases the concentration of bile acids in corporation and bacterial enzymes in the colon, which can modify bile to produce cancer-causing compounds and colon cancer.Sugar combines with and destroys phosphatase, a digestive enzyme, which makes digestion more difficult and can annoy premenstrual syndrome (PMS).6SaltAddition of salt in milk is in the first place restored with the aim of increasing the corrected lactometer reading. All four cationic electrolytes (sodium, potassium, magnesium, and calcium) are available in unrefined salt, as are other alert minerals needed for optimal bodily function. Too much or too little salt in the diet can lead to muscle cramps, dizziness, or even an electrolyte disturbance, which can cause neurological problems.Excess salt consumption has been linked toExercise induced asthma.Heartburn.Osteoporosis.Gastric cancer is associated with high level of sodium.Hypertension.Left ventricular hypertrophy (cardiac enlargement).Duodenal ulcer. 7Vegetable FatMilk fat is the natural source of variable variety of juicy acids diversified in nature. It is separated to make the cream and sold at high prices. People separate the cream from the milk and add vegetable fat into the milk and then sell it after homogenization. Vegetable fat is unsaturated and it gets oxidized and becomes morose when exposed to air so become hepato-toxic and may cause liver cirrhosis. Small milk globules become rancid when oil and vegetable fat is being added and interesting thing is that color and consistency of the milk remains normal. 8StarchMilk contains relatively large amount of fat. Addition of carbohydrate to milk increases its solid content. There by reducing the amount of fat present in the milk. Starch is one such component that is added to adulterate milk. The test to detect starch in milk uses iodine solution, addition of which turns the milk solution to blue slow color due to the formation of starch Iodo complex, in the presence of starch.Potential symptoms are irritation of eyes, skin, mucous, membranes, rhinorrhea, cough, chest pain, dermatitis.SoapSoap is added to milk to increase the foaming of milk and thus to have thick milk. Addition of such chemicals will cause health problem especially related to jump out and kidneys. Soap can be detected by adding phenolphthalein indicator to the adulterated milk. A pink color will be observed if lash is present as the alkali will be neutralized by the acidity of the milk when phenolphthalein indicator is added. 9NeutralizersThe new Neutralizers Test manufactured by Astori Tecnica allows the immediate colorimetric determination of the presence of added neutralizers (such as NaOH, KOH, carbonates, bicarbonates, amm onia, various alkalis, etc.) in milk or cream. These prohibited substances may be added to fresh or badly preserved milk with the tricky purpose to correct its pH and acidity values to optimal ones, and so pretend the milk is impudently milked or perfectly preserved. 10REFERENCES Research Can Lead To Longer shelf Life For Dairy Products (http //www.sciencedaily.com/releases /2002/12/021223084204.htm).Sciencedaily.com. 2002-12-23. Retrieved 2010-08-28.Detect Adulteration in Milk Empowering Consumers to Test Themselves (http//cgsiindia.org/2013/05/detectadulteration-in-milk-empoweringconsumers-to-test-themselves/).Henriksen J, (2009) Milk for Health and Wealth. (ftp //ftp. fao. org/doc rep/fao/011/i 0521e/i 0521e00.pdf) FA O Di versification Booklet Series 6, Rome.Schultz, Madeline (April 2012) fluid milk profile (http //www. agmrc.org/commodities products/lives tock/dairy/fluid-milk-profile/). Iowa State University.T. Matsuoka (2004). Detection of adulterants in milk using near in frared spectroscopy. J. Food Sci. Tech. 41(3) 313-316.Borin, A., M. F. Ferrao, C. Mello, D. A. Maretto and R. J. Poppi (2006). Least-squares support vector machines and near infrared spectroscopy for quantification of common adulterants in powdered milk. Analytica Chimica Acta. 57925-32.Tipu, M. S., I. Altaf, M. Ashfaq, S. Siddique (2007). Monitoring of chemical adulterants and hygienic status of trade milk. Handbook published by Quality Control Laboratory, Lahore, Pakistan. pp. 7.Jha, S. N. And T. Matsuoka (2004). Detection of adulterants in milk using near infrared spectroscopy. J. Food Sci. Tech. 41(3) 313-316.Sengar, M. S. (2007). Milk adulteration on rise in Agra. Friday, November, 07, India. Accessed from www.google.com.Anonymous, (2012). Introduction to dairy science and applied science milk history, consumption, production, and composition. International Dairy Federation, Bulletin 423/2007. Accessed from http//www.foodsci. cuoguelph. ca/dairyedu/intro.html.

The Most Popular Type Of Online Advertising

The Most Popular Type Of Online summoniseIntroductionOnline publicize after part say as a form of promotion. It uses the Internet and ara Wide Web for provide the marketing depicted objects to attract customers. Online advertizement is besides divided into umteen assorted forms of publicize. For example, pop-out denote, exceptton ad, sponsorships advertisement, measure advertisement, interstitial denote, classified ad advertising, interactive game advertising, text advertising, facebook advertising, f c aring advertising and so on. It excessively has strain of recompense orders for online advertising. The approximately greens way in online advertising payment methods ar CPM, CPC, and CPA.In my opinion, online advertising are the great way for sellers to uphold or deliver their erects instruction for public. Online advertising are palmy to use, and the easy way to let public know. The monetary values of online advertising are in truth low, so it suffer save the owners money.Other than that, online advertising withal drive out save our earth. Why I say this is because it is environmentally friendly. The owner military post their advert information online, they no need to use the paper to conjure advertising paper. Moreover, for public, cyberspace is a common social occasion nowadays. Most of the peck have com effecter in house. They locoweed online and father the information easily. a care that, nowadays online shopping is genuinely universal. thither are certified sellers, and heap force out acquire product from them safety.Online advertising have m both advantages however also have roughly disadvantages. It can non deliver the information for the old senior(a) heap, because they seldom online and they do know how to use the computer. Moreover, there are also some cheaters online. So, the improvements of online advertising have to do utilely.This report have innovation the close to popular online advertising . It is pennant advertising and facebook advertising. The contents are active the advantages, disadvantages, improvement of the advertising and some example of the advertising.Online AdvertisingThe key of palmy business is the business how to bring up the product and serve to all lecturers by using the online. According to the statistical data, more of the 80% people depart e preciseday surf through and through the technologically much(prenominal) as meshing. So, the internet has becomes an indispensable part of peoples lives. Thus, it can be considered a wide rut for the business which necessitys to promote their products and serve to all the people. The online advertising method has becomes the most popular method for the business. It is because online advertising is easy and low advertising cost. likewise that, the online advertising also have a lot of the reviewers or security guards.thither are many method of online advertising that can used to promote the product and operate such as bloggers advertising, monetary standard advertising, email advertising, forum advertising and so on. But in this assignment, I would like to go on deep astir(predicate) the streamer advertising. wagess of pennon AdvertisingBanner Advertising is a most historic component of web-business creation. It is a good method for making the profits in the website. It is because banner advertising is very simple and easy by simply sign up an run programs and follow the instruction given to create an attractive banner that standoff your website with the publicizer. We can free to choose the design of the layout and content of our site. With the pay-per-click adverts, we can get paid from viewer who clicked on your banner. Moreover, it is the easier way to let the viewers define the company name and logo. On the other hand, it become more effective and convenience compare when compare with other online advertising.Furthermore, the banner advertising is often che aper than other ads. It normally counts by the size of the banner or tons of a banner advertisement, a cost per miles (CPM) for a minimum purchase. For example, if you cause a leak a banner ad on Yahoo, it cost you a CPM of $20 $25. It is much cheaper than other advertising media. Compare with others, the small firm or company can afford for the banner advertising cost. In addition, by using the banner advertising that can easy got a lot of larger listenings.Last except not least, with the banner advertising, we can allot the information at anywhere and in any condemnations. It is because the internet is think worldwide. So, everyone can access to the Internet 24 hours daily . Besides that, publishing house also update the product and service information release products and go as well as promotion instantly.Disadvantages of Banner Advertising in that location are few disadvantages of banner advertising. Firstly, there is no assurance of the listening responses. It is b ecause banner hardly as for certains that the banner advertising maybe go away just be viewed by people and is no guarantee that people will click on the banner advertising.Secondly, the publisher must make sure that the banner advertising is attractive and innovative. It is because if the banner advertising is not attracted by the reader, then nobody would click into the banner advertising and deliver the pass along of the advertising . It is waste time and cost because maybe the business or firm need to hire the professional for creating a unique banner in order to compete with the competitors.The speed will also the banner advertising. It is because many graphics, moving image or video will take more time to load and waiting the image appears. This and the idea that author create will become mess, it will be discourage some viewers and readers.Finally, the publisher can merely know about the turn of views of the banner advertising but unable to estimate the effective of the advertising. It is because banner ads may be unreliable on the revenue. Furthermore, there are too many incidents of cheating in Internet, viewers will have a thought before clicking into any ads because viewer will to afraid the thespian cases and the viruses spread. This eventually brings negative effect on the banner advertising who advertises through online.ImprovementBanners adv is most popular for the marketers. But in the recently years, the prices of the banner advertising are drop and also not so attracted by the people. So, the designer must use the bright colouring material for the advertising. It is because bright color can easy attract the readers attraction. Besides that, the slogan for the advertisement require to be improved. The slogan must be short and clear that can let the readers understanding the contents of the advertising.Besides that, the best way to advertise the banner advertising is using animate. Comparing the static advertising and gay advertising, animated advertising can attract more the readers. All the lifespan effect can be more easily to express the sum of advertising.On the other hand, if the banner advertising want increase viewer, the advertising picture must load quickly. It is because most all the viewers do not have so much patience, it is not suitable for the viewer waiting so long. So, we must let our advertising loading faster.Facebook AdvertisingFacebook is born on year 2004. It is created by three Harvard university students, the purpose they launched this website is to put students in touch with one another and share their photos and meet rising friends. Firstly, the name of the website is known as thefacebook.com. After a year, the website becomes extremely popular on the Harvard campus and students in 800 colleges across the United States are joining the network. In August of that year, its membership grew to more than 5 million, and the sites name changed to Facebook. Facebook was originally launched for college students, but today anyone can join the network.Facebook purpose is giving people a way to share information in an easy and entertaining way. So facebook advertising is nowadays popular in every level of people. Advantage of facebook advertising is clearly proved in recent year. Now, let me apologize about the advantage of facebook advertising. It can be classified and change from animate advertising to one by one type of signal transduction by knowing the facebook users interests, their areas of work, the brand they concern and the way they interacting with friends. As we know, nowadays many people took facebook as a part of their lives, so this is the where you can find your audience who interested to your product.There is a real case about the efficiency of facebook adverting. Facebook give ability to CM Photographic Company to sucker their consumer group, which are the women betwixt 24-30 years old and their relationship status on Facebook indicated that they we re engaged. Over the 12 month, the CM Photographic Company put in $600 advertising investment on facebook and they already generated nearly $40,000 profit.Recently, aready have 11,977 facebook users like CM Photographic company, they not only effective consumer, they have indicated a wish to obtain more information.This is the example of the facebook advertising. The advertisement always appears on the right side, and if you want to know the information clearly, you can click the gentle of the advertisement to get more information on its front page.Advantages of facebook advertising are numerous. It can easily r separately your target consumers. You can bind with 500 million customers that who are voltage. Moreover, you can choose your audience by interest, age, location and gender. You can random use simple image or text-based adverts to view your product.Facebook advertising can deep strengthening the relationship between seller and buyer. It can promote your facebook front pag e and website, facebook user can use use the like button to increase your adverts influence. It also can found a community around your business.The most important thing when we want to create the adverts is calculate. Facebook advertising provide a system that are low-cost and easily to control your budget. You can Set the daily budget you are adapt and regulate your daily budget at any time. Other than that, you can also select to pay only when people click (CPC) or see your advert (CPM).The disadvantages of facebook adveritising are the credibility is very small. The person who see the advertisement have to reflect on the advertisement whether it is true or not. This is because nowadays many cheater. Another disadvantages is the promotion that produce on the facebook advertising, some of it are cheat. The seller just wants to attract the facebook user to look at the advertisement.Other than that, the field of people level are not balance. Normally, the facebook user are young or middle-aged people, but less of old aged people. So that, not everything can advert on facebook. Besides that, there are something cannot sell online. This is because you do not know whether there is suitable for u to use or not.There are some improvement can make for facebook advertising. The most important is get reliance form the user. Facebook can survey the information of the advertisement before published on facebook. Other than that, also can distributed an authenticate for the real information advert.ConclusionNormal advertising is a method of promoting product by using 100% offline and physical product such as newspaper publishers, magazines, flyers and others. It is the form of advertisement that easily spread any message to the reader. By using online advertising, the reader internet just can only know the product and services. The online advertising and offline advertising both have their different usefulness. But, both advertisement must include the name of the produc t and services, it can easily let the reader can understand at a glance. Besides that, the advertisement also must include the benefits of the product and services that can easily persuade the reader from buying the product and services and can increase the sales and profit. Internet also become the main and efficient medium for advertising and it has be predicted that the online advertising and marketing is waiver to replace the normal advertising through the conventional media such as television, radio, newspaper and magazines.ComparisonThe online advertising is more efficiently compared with the normal advertising such as television. It is because the online advertising can immediately send the information to the reader. So, the reader can quickly up-to- date with all kind of information. On the other way, the old method of advertising such as newspaper would take at least 1 day to produce the advertisements. So, the reader cannot immediately know all the information.The norma l advertisement such as television or newspaper that can be obtained by copyright, takes a lot of time. Unlike the online advertising, we do not need to waste the time to obtain the copyright. Thats why online advertising is faster and save the publishers time.Besides that, if we want to publish the advertising through the traditional advertising such as newspaper, it may charge a higher(prenominal) advertising fee. But for the online advertising, we at a time post our advertising through the website. It can be free or just charge a little of the cost fees. Besides that, the online advertising also can post the product pictures that can let the reader convenient to choose the product. Thus, some of the websites provide 24 hours service a day, so the reader can choose the product or services at anytime.For the traditional method, only the readers who are willing and able to buy the newspapers able to view the advertisement. The online advertising is for the reader who can access the internet only can view the advertisement. So, it is considered as inter home(a) advertising. But if the advertising were to be done through the newspaper, the advertisement can only be used in one country.There are few advantages of online advertising compared to the traditional online advertising that give the company ads more wider coverage and the globose wider coverage that will help to make the advertisement more popular among people which could help to get better result though online advertising safari. Online advertising is faster compared to the offline advertising in sending out the ads to the audience in advertising the campaign.However, there are also some disadvantages voluminous in online advetistment. Disadvantages of advertising online include measurement problems, audience characteristics, potential for deception, costs, peculiar(a) production quality, poor reach and lack of Intrusiveness.For normal advertising, it can be said that it is more effective and powe rful in promoting a busy product or service. The advantages that are derived through online advertising such as right from cost, availability, wider consumer markets, and the potential to increased profit margins, internet advertising has the upper berth hand.For the traditional print methods and distributions have the trends of the internet surpass at each level of the marketing process. Traditional print advertising is composed of common marketing collateral. Internet advertising is the conglomeration of electronics such as computer, or server, and the marketing collateral is on a professionally designed website, which also known as an electronic storefront.In evaluating costs in traditional print publication, heavy expenses are encounterred through the design for each campaign or promotion, printing fees, and storage facilities to store the containers and bundles of material. Furthermore, there is the distribution cost that needs to be considered such as the costs of labour, t ransportation and the stamp itself.Talking about the error rectification, the traditionally printed promotion may regain at the costs that be paid. In contrast, the advantages of Internet-based advertising, the error modification incur a little cost in repairing typographical errors and wrong promotion dates. Its much easier to fix an oversight instantly, and only takes a moment.To throw lite on the availability of a business, traditional print promotions are time-centered. The hours of a business or service are limited to the hours, hence potential sales to consumers during the non working hours are limited. The promotion is also possible for only a set tenure, and when the session gets completed, the whole process is repeated with spare cost.In analyzing the advantages of internet versus traditional print methods, the consumer market potential is extremely limited in the traditional advertising with geographical restrictions in most media being available only to the local viewi ng area. The businesses are rarely in small-mid-size in approaching the sales on a national or global level. By comparison, the internet marketing is more advantages since it caters to the global market and has no physical or geographical limitations.In this day and age, the website is readily available to any consumer with a computer includes the majority of consumers throughout the world. There are no additional costs in orbit the expanded global markets since internet advertising extends to the global audience. The chances of potential customers are more and hence the profit margin is also on the higher side. In other words, the advantages of internet advertising is much more than the traditional print forerunner, in lessened costs, availability, expanded consumer markets, and largely in the general profit margin .

Strategic Issues In Training And Development Multinational Corporations Management Essay

Strategic Issues In planning And Development world(prenominal)ist Corporations Management EssayNowadays Multinational corporations be much and more widespread, but a problem that they still don t harbor accomplished is how to realise successful employees, and roughly main(prenominal)ly how to train their employees and cast them a useful and successful resource of the their enterprises.The summation of global corporations has conduct to employees sent in a inappropriate ground to undertake international appellative more than ever forrader, with estimation that the use of kick out go outing continue to increase in the forthcoming tense (Van der Bank Rothmann, 2006).Some researchers estimated that nigh 30% of all be readys sent to undertake overseas assignments overstep topographic point prematurely (Kim Slocum, 2008 Mendenhall, Dunbar, Oddou, 1987). And failure rates increase further when is considered also employees who return home and leave their comp any(prenominal) within angiotensin converting enzyme year (McGinley, 2008). matchless of the study causes attributed to kick outs failure is the inability of these expatriates or their married persons to adapt themselves in the array-country s in the raw surroundings and diametric culture (Tung, 1988). Failed accommodation of expatriates leads to eminent touchstone of economic and social costs for internationals corporations. Expatriate failure is defined as the inability of the expatriate to perform effectively the international assignment, with the consequence of be fired or recalled to home (Tung (1982), therefore it is crucial to identify the ship do-nothingal to reduce and eliminate such failures.Although estimations of the costs of expatriate failure pass to vary in regards to each polar country and atomic number 18 non based on a fixed station of criteria, they certainly cannot be neglected by multinationals (Gregersen Black, 1990).This essay aims to expl ore the strategic issues around exploitation and development that are faced by Multinational corporations.What is International procreation and development champion of the most important activities of International Human vision Management (IHRM) is International discipline and development and its strength benefits are super recognized in the literature. (Dowling and Welch, 2004 Kamoche, 1996 Mendenhall et al., 1987 Tung, 1982).Kamoche (1996) says The sympathetic resource refers to the accumulated stock of knowledge, skills and abilities that individuals possess, which the dissolute has built up over time into an identifiable expertise (p. 216).In the management literature, the two words International cooking and management development are always related to each other. prepare has the aim to increase take a leak skills and behaviour, and development has the aim to improve abilities in regards to some future position (Dowling et al., 1999, p. 155).Dowling and Welch (2004) indicate that the issue for multinationals is how to retain and leverage their employees in fix up to support at disposal highly trained, internationally oriented human resources to support their strategic responses and concur to their key competencies. Multinationals are increasing their particle of prepare to improve and assist expatriates activities.The importance of educational activity and development in MNCsNowadays, a successful international manager has to detain a rank of precise abilities in regards to the context, such as ability to handle responsibility, heathen sensitivity, ability to develop subordinates, ability to demonstrate and to exhibit (Baumgarten, 1992).These ability are considered important international skills and characteristics which can be generated with an effective international educate and development com coiffureer curriculumme.International gentility is the type of development specifically set for who has been allocated an internationa l assignment.In Multinational corporations there are mainly terce different group of international trainings.They are divided in1. Pre- remainder training for expatriates forward an expatriate s de wearure for the international assignment, there will be a preparatory training course, this has the scope to ensure that the expatriate has the right capacity and knowledge to accomplish his assignment in a successful way.2. Post-arrival training for expatriates Once the expatriate is arrived in his destination to actualize his international assignment, he will be hand overd with on-site training, in send to familiarize with the advanced on the job(p) environment.3. Training for host country nationals (HCNs) and third-country nationals (TCNs) This training aims to help HCNs and TCNs to understand the corporate strategy and the different culture.In the international literature the group of international training that has received more attending is Pre-departure training for expatri ates, as overseas failure (i.e. the return of an expatriate employee before the completion of the assigned assignment) is most of the time caused by failure to suffer adequate international training for expatriates and their spouses.In hostelry to measure the authority of employees conveyance, the expatriate failure rate is a good indicator. One of the spring MNCs have to avoid expatriation failure is certainly because their cost are really high, involving operate (salary, training, travel and relocation costs) and indirect expenditure. The average direct cost per failure to the parent company goes from US$ 55.000 to US$ 80.000, depending to the assignment s destination (Mendenhall and Oddou, 1986). Whereas indirect costs can be vast and difficult to quantify, including the damage of the relationships with host country s government, other organizations and with customers, losing foodstuff share and company s reputation, therefore also missing future business opportunities.S ome research conducted among American s multinationals has revealed a high rate of expatriate failure and therefore it remain a fall out problem (Brewster, 1988).Table 1 shows this phenomenon (Shen and Edwards, 2004).The global environment is becoming more and more complex and in continuous change, for this reason it requires flexibility. Therefore organizations have to devise strategic responses with the help of suitably trained and internationally oriented employees.Researches find that there is controlling correlation between the rigor of the pickaxe and training process and its expatriate success rate (Tung, 1981). This means that if a company use a more rigorous training program then it will significantly benefit and improve the cognitive processs of the expatriate in the overseas environment, therefore decreasing the failure rate (Mendenhall et al.,1987).ethnical training aims to enables personnel to adjust themselves in the foreign culture and then work more effectively i n the parvenufangled environment (Earley, 1987).Table 2 shows (in descending order of importance) some reasons of expatriate failure in US and Japanese MNCs (Tung, 1982).Table 2. SOURCE Tung, 1982.From the table it s important to cross out that the more important cause of expatriate failure is not expatriates absence seizure of adequate technical skills, but the inability of expatriates and their spouse to adapt themselves in the new overseas environment and culture.The aims of international management development is to identify, enkindle and use international managers, and it is expected to play a central role in MNCs because it is first harmonicly needed in order to develop a cross-national corporate culture and to integrate international operations.Bartlett and Ghoshal (2000), argue that multinational corporations can construct their inter-unit linkages by creating a pool of international managers from different countries.International training and development programsPre-de parture trainingMost of the literature is heavy on expatriate pre-departure training programs and their scope is to provide and develop host-country s heathen awareness to expatriates. Once expatriates have been selected by the multinational for an international assignments, pre-departure training is the next indispensable step to be taken in order to ensure the successful and effective performance of expatriates assignment in the host-country (Dowling, Engler, Festing, 2008).Pre-departure training programs to be effective have to include different components cultural awareness training, preliminary visits, language instruction and assistance with practical, day-to-day matters (Mendenhall Oddou, 1986).Cultural awareness programsIs generally known that expatriates have to chance comfortable and fit in the host-country in order to perform effectively their depute, therefore is fundamental to provide them with a nearly-designed cultural awareness training program. Receiving this kind of training expatriates will understand and appreciate host-country s different culture and can behave agreely or develop appropriate coping patterns.Without any understanding of host-country s different culture, expatriates are likely to feel estranged and face difficult behavioural problems during their time abroad. Therefore, cultural awareness training is considered the most common and important part of pre-departure training. Cultural awareness training programs is formed by different components which may vary according to country of destination, duration of the assignment, purpose of the expatriation, and the provider of such programs (Dowling, Engler, Festing, 2008).Preliminary visitsOne methods for orientating the expatriates is to send them in the host-country for a short trip. If the trip overseas is well planned can provide a useful preview to expatriates and their spouse about the international assignment s destination, and allow them to assess their suitability for the new environment. This kind of trip is needed also to introduce expatriates to the new business context in the host-country and provide them with more culture before their departure. Preliminary visit to the host-country can assist in the initial adjustment process when used as part of a pre-departure training program (Dowling, Engler, Festing, 2008).Even if the useful borrowing of preliminary visits is well known, some European multinationals do not provide it. The 1997 European study reported what one firm admitted We do not provide pre-assignments visits where conditions are so light that nobody would want to go.Language trainingLanguage training is an important component of a pre-departure training program. However its importance is always put after that of cultural awareness training.It is generally worldwide accepted that English is the common language of the business world.The ORC Worldwide 2002 survey discover that the adoption of language training for expatriates and their spouse, as part of the pre-departure training program is increased. In fact, results say that 59% of the sample firms provided language training before the departure of expatriates, and 74% provided language training once expatriates arrived on the assignment s destination.The ability to speak the foreign country s language is indispensable to perform better and improve negotiating ability, indeed Tung (1997) discovered from a survey of 400 expatriates that language competence is a critical part of the assignment s performance. Language skills is not important only for task performance but also for cultural adjustment. One reason for multinational not providing language training may be the difficulty and farsighted time required to learn even a base level of a foreign language. A solution to this problem for multinationals is to hire a large language competent staff from which they can choose the potential expatriates to send abroad, but multinationals have also to keep an up-to-date in coiffeion on all employees, and make frequent tests to verify if those language skills have been maintained (Marschan, Welch, 1997).Practical assistanceProviding practical assistance is another component of a pre-departure training program. Practical assistance aims to help expatriates and their family to adapt themselves to the new foreign environment. Many multinationals are paying specialized assistants in order to help expatriates and their family, providing practical assistance in finding a suited accommodation or school for their children.Trainees Who should be trained?The support of the expatriate s family is of critical importance for any international assignment to be successfully completed. From this point of view, is clear that multinationals have to train all family members of the expatriate in order to receive a high and effective performance of the assignment.According to a survey conducted by Organizational Resource Counselors (ORC), 47% of multinat ionals offer training program to the entire family of the expatriate, 33% offer to their employee and spouse, and 20% offer training only to the expatriate employee.Different researchers have analysed this phenomenon and argue that the most important and common reasons for which expatriate cannot perform effectively their international assignment is the inability of their spouses to settle well and live in the host culture (Black, Gregersen, Mendenhall, 1992 Adler, 1997 Kohls, 1994).While expatriate are sustained by the workplace with familiar routines and job tasks, the situation of his or her family members is quite different. The spouse is leave alone and have to face difficult challenges in a new international environment such as how to deal with relocation logistics, to hold the household, to settle the children at school, to negotiate with the local services, and to become part of a social network. Obviously the level of difficulty depends on spouses level of effrontery an d skills. According to findings of a research made by Bennett Associates and Price Waterhouse, most of the times all expatriates are married and the attendant spouse is female, and they have to face the dual-career dilemma situation at the time of the international relocation. When the accompanying partner is in front of this situation, she or he may feel ambivalent about the move and worried about how to find traffic once arrived abroad. So all training programs should take in musing these issues and help the spouse in order to have a positive growth and development during the time abroad. Therefore is very important that the spouse feel that he or she is also an active part in the international assignment (Lublin, 1999). Training programs should also include young family members, backing them to adapt in the new environment. All these programs should be tailored according to different needs of children, and they are particularly useful in nerve of strong difference between ch ildrens culture and host-country ones.In most major business centers there are international schools that help expatriate community, move to facilitate their transition from their own country s environment to the new foreign country s environment.In other cases, when is not potential to find this kind of international schools, children have to put more efforts in facing new education system, social norms, and the challenges posed by a new language.Some recent research studies and innovative multinational companies practices bring up that there are three main emerging topic that managers working in multinational corporations have to be aware 1) In-Country, Real-Time Training 2) Global Mindset Training and 3) CD-ROM/Internet-Based Training.In-Country, Real-Time TrainingThe majority of multinational corporations think that pre-departure cross-cultural training alone can already give expatriate the necessary skills and knowledge to perform well in the overseas environment. But resear chers in this area have analyzed the expatriation process from different perspectives and discovered that multinationals thinking is erroneous, and argued that is important to continue the cross-cultural training program in the early stages of the international assignment (Gudykunst, Guzley, Hammer, 1996 Mendenhall, 1999). invigoration in a totally new environment facing different culture is a complex task and pre-departure training can provide expatriate with skills and knowledge only to survive, not to excel and overcome rugged situations where expatriates don t know what they should do, because pre-departure training methods cannot cover all the specific cross-cultural situations that expatriates encounter during the international assignment.Therefore once arrived in the foreign country is important to provide expatriates with further education and training in order to make them able to process accurately the new environment around them and to undertake wise moves. In-country t raining suits these specific needs.How to deliver In-Country TrainingIn-country training can be delivered from traditional or real-time training.The traditional training is the kind of training that brings all expatriates together, forming a group, when they are in-country, and provides them with in-depth skills and knowledge of the complexities and difficulties they have to face in the host culture, which are not covered in the pre-departure training program. In-country training and pre-departure training in its traditional format are different only for the location where the training is held and the depth of the content. One negative aspect of the traditional format is that all expatriates receive the analogous content.

The Solution is More Discipline, Not Vouchers or School Choice Essay

The Solution is Discipline, Not School Choice Charlie is a problem child by any definition of the word. He hasnt through anything horrific, like shooting another student or attacking a teacher. Its the annoying games he plays that drive everyone crazy. His favorite game is throwing scissors at the chalkboard when the teachers back is turned. He likes the screeching noise he after unwrap make if he throws the scissors at just the right angle. And when he gets caught, he loves cursing at the teacher. His biggest thrill is telling her to mind her have got f---ing business while his classmates giggle or snicker. Charlies teacher, Mrs. Anderson, spends her class time forbid and powerless to stop Charlies constant disruptive behavior. At first, she looks him in the tenderness and asks him to stop. Finally, she points her index finger toward the door and says, Get out Charlies classmates breathe a sigh of relief. Mrs. Anderson does not. She knows that tomorrow Charlies father and moth er will storm the principals office demanding that she be fired or reprimanded. Mom and Dad think that Charlies ain rights have been violated that he has a right to learn and not be disciplined by anyone, except by his own parents. payable to this precedent, Charlie grows up with little educational discipline or accountability. As Charlies parents sop up him grow into adulthood, they are forced to admit that their son is actually seriously developd, disrespectful and far from perfect. This story is all too familiar in Americas public schools today. Children in wish of discipline have suddenly compose the victims and their teachers, the oppressors. As a result, Americas school children are sorely under-educated and undiscipline... ...wer than 25 in a year. Implementing this change throughout America, especially suburbia, will not be easy. This is where every American must(prenominal) recognize that in order to educate all our public school children we must deny a part of o ur own self interest. In order to make the change, Americas parents and politicians must recognize that this greater cause can be public education. Charlies parents, on with many other parents, need to be encouraged to recognize that sometimes a little tough love is in their childs best interest. The undermentioned time Charlies parents seek to confront school officials on behalf of their disruptive child, they need to be met with the empowerment of authority. More importantly, Mrs. Anderson should be able to provide a healthy learning environment for all the children, if possible with Charlie, but if necessary, without him.

Ancient Philosophy :: essays research papers fc

As Aristotle viewed the world around him, he observed that things are moving and changing in certain ways. Aristotle find that certain things cause other things, which in turn cause aroundthing else. Aristotle believed that an absolute chain of causation was not possible, thus, a ground mover of some kind must exist as the first cause of everything that changes or moves.The first evidence that Aristotle viewed was the world around him. He observed that everything is in drift, and that one motion causes another(prenominal) motion and so on. Much like billiard balls on a pool table. One ball hits another ball, that ball moves, hits a third ball, and the third ball moves. Like A causes B to move causes C to move etc. After paying attention observation, Aristotle noticed that everything is in motion, even the planets, and thus, there was a chain of causation. Aristotle believed that something digest not come from nothing, that is, a thing can not land in and out of existence, t hus, there must either be an myriad chain of causation or a first cause/prime mover. Aristotle dismissed the possibility of infinite causation and instead attempted to audition that there is a prime mover or first cause. Aristotle as well as believed the universe was situated in a certain way. Aristotle believed that the heavens began in effect(p) above the bottom of the moon and the everything above the lower portion of the moon was the heavens. In the heavens, Aristotle observed that everything was in a alternating(prenominal) motion, and that the planets moved close to each other in circles. If the planets moved about in circular motion then there must rush been a cause to bring about their motion, thus, there must as well as be either an infinite chain of causation for heavenly bodies or a prime mover/first cause of the heavenly bodies. For Aristotle local anesthetic motion is the primary type of motion and the primary type of motion is circular motion For Aristotle thi s means that everything is moving, and the best recoil of movement is movement in a circular motion because a circle is the perfect form of movement. It has no let downning and no end, it is continuous and everlasting. Aristotle saw this motion in everything, even the human existence is that of a cycle. We are born, reproduce and die, in a continuous existence just as the heavenly bodies begin at one point and move around until they are at the beginning point again.

Speech In Favor Capital Punishment -- essays research papers

Speech In Favour Of capital PunishmentCapital Punishment is the lawful infliction of destruction and has been apply in Britain since the 5the century. It was not until 1964 that capital punishment was abolished and this has been described by umteen historians as Britains worst decision in over 500 years.along with these Historians, I also believe that our country was much better glum with the death penalty as a punishment for sick and deformed muckle, murderers, rapists and peadophiles. Did you know for instance that in 2003 on that point were 1048 murders and 172 attri saveed to one man. . . Harold Shipman. Compare this to 1963 when the death penalty was used as an active deterant to murder, how many? 300. Three 100 murders compared to 1048. Another statistic for you to chew on. In 1961 there were 9 hangs for murder. These seemed to warn stack off be give the next year there were 2. I have express all I need to say. That is clearly conclusive evidence that the final stage Penalty works in deterring criminals, and in a world where you deserve safety, with capital punishment, that is what you would get. Let me go back to my last point. Harold Shipman, responsible for the murders of 172 people. 172 complimentary people. People with families. Families that are destroyed. Left with agony. Knowing that their relatives killer is still documentation and thoroughly. Treated in prison to a comfy bed, three meals a day, a wide-screen television and pool table as well as being able to learn read and write. This is what our judicial frame calls a punishment All this at the cost to the tax payer of 432, 000 per 15 years or a life sentence. Thats 600 a week. That s more that some people earn If Harold Shipman had not been the coward that he was and k... ...cent man, it has happened sooner and would happen again. In fact, it was a member of my family who had the unpleasant job of hanging an innocent man and finding out what he had done after. So drop out a thought not just for the innocent deceased, but the guilty hangman who has to live with it as well. I also understand that there are cases where the penalty is given because we cant be seen to be slacking, alike that of Derek Bentley and the film of Let Him Have It. Once again it was my family who had to live with that. So, spare a thought for what that man has to live with for the rest of his life. As I said, these thing are inevitably going to happen and many people will suffer. But even after seeing what it can cause with my own eyes to my own family, i still think it Is a risk worth taking for the better of our country. That is why I am in favour of capital Punishment.

Pride And Prejudice :: essays research papers

Overcoming haughtiness and Prejudice through Maturity and Self- Understanding Jane Austen, born in Steventon, England, in 1775, began to write the original manuscript of surcharge and Prejudice, entitled First Impressions, which was finish by 1797, but was rejected for publication. The work was rewritten around 1812 and published in 1813 as Pride and Prejudice. During Austens career, Romanticism reached its zenith of acceptance and influence, while Pride and Prejudice displays little evidence on the Romantic movement, it also reveals no awareness of the international upheavals and consequent turmoil in England that took place during Austens lifetime. The society of Jane Austens era is a stratified one, in which sieve divisions are rooted in family connections and wealth. Austen is often critical of the assumptions and prejudices of upper- class England and her novels severalise between internal merit and rank or possessions. The central carry on of this comedy of manners is Mr s. Bennets dogged efforts to find suitable husbands for her daughters. The amiable Jane and the make up Bingley are almost drawn to each other. In contrast, the arrogant, insolent, conceited Mr. Darcy and the spontaneous, high- spirited, active Elizabeth save several encounters of a battle of wits throughout the novel. Austen studies societal relationships in the limited society of a country neighborhood and investigates them in detail with an often ironic and humorous eye. The signifi stoolce of the title helps assure the actions of the two main characters and thereby the course of the plot. Pride is an un sureistic take-off of ones importance. Prejudice prevents people from judging others according to their real merits. Both pride and prejudice are moral distortions and prevent the soulfulness from seeing things as they really are. Marked by an elegant structure, and sharp-worded satire, Pride and Prejudice encompasses the primary theme that maturity is achieved through th e want of illusion, in particular pertaining to the relationships between the witty yet prejudiced Elizabeth Bennet and the complaisant yet prideful Fitzwilliam Darcy. Throughout the novel, Austen satirizes the manners of all classes, exposing people who have excessive pride as rude and often foolish, regardless of wealth or station. While the terms of pride and prejudice pertain particularly to Mr. Darcy and Elizabeth, there are other characters as well that portray these traits as well. Austen uses Mr. Collins as an extreme example of how excessive pride can affect ones manner. In Mr. Collins case, he prides himself on his sense of respectability, his profession, and his association with Lady Catherine.

Beyond the Meat :: Writing Education Writer Essays

Beyond the shopping centreOk then, so far you accommodate been told that the theme paper is the spirit of the main course for the meal of college written material, and in order to excel in the process of education you must master the boundaries of the five paragraph dilemma. You must know how to use the knife and fork of discovery. To know the boundaries is to know style. You boast learned the technique of writing (or eating a theme paper). kudos to yourself You are wellspring on your way to enlightenment or in the very least employmentOk then, so you are well acquainted with the boundaries of the theme and pass on even picked up a some interesting techniques along the way. Now you must incubate over the borders... combat the undiscovered country of whatever monster (forms) lie beyond. It is easy to cross the borders, safe take a step and your over and then... what? You definitely do not want to look out of the window and describe what you see, that would be too much lik e that masterpiece of ambiguity Untitled. You have nowhere to turn to so you ask your sleeping cats if they have every clue as to what lies beyond the theme (just in case at that place is some modicum of truth between the myth and the reality).Dada-dee, Dada-dum... Ok, so you decide that writing is about boundaries, about how a form is contained, and in themes boundaries help you to communicate ideas -- Right? Maybe to express ideas about what lies beyond the theme you have to cross more boundaries. Cool, you decide that you will not use pronouns or better yet, you will interchange pronouns -- I, You, He, she, It, We, They (and sometimes Y and and W) -- just randomly substitute one word for another. Meaning looses all aesthesis of subject importance. How much MEANING do you really want to hold or understand? INSERT METAPHOR HEREOk then , so you cipher MEANING, Dada-dee, Dada-dum. Clarity is in the eyes of the beholders and you feel beholden to whomever express that. Words come floating into your room, they circumnavigate the breath of your understanding and reconcile next to your sleeping cats... Phonemes, paroles, logocentrism, signs and signifiers... RATS Words have a connoted meaning to the reader. A random placement of the articles of language will move you outside of the borders alone into an Eitherland of gibberish.