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COURSE CODE 3050402 PG DIPLOMA EXAMINATION - JAN 2009 PGDCA COMPUTER conversation AND NETWORK Time: 3 Hours Max.Marks:75 Section - A 9. expand ICMP? Internet aver Message Protocol (ICMP) specify by RFC 792 and RFC 1122 is used for communicate error reporting and generating messages that ask attention. The errors describe by ICMP argon generally related to datagram processing. ICMP but reports errors involving dismantle 0 of any fragmented datagrams. The IP, UDP or transmission control protocol form will usually take action name on ICMP messages. ICMP generally belongs to the IP layer of TCP/IP merely relies on IP for support at the kale layer. ICMP messages are encapsulated inside IP datagrams. ICMP will report the adjacent network information: Timeouts Network over-crowding Network errors much(prenominal) as an unaccessible host or network. The ping take is also back up by ICMP, and this can be used to debug network problems. 19 . a. Explain about over-crowding control? Congestion Control http://cnx.org/content/m13361/latest/ A technique for observe network exercising and manipulating transmission or forwarding grade for data frames to keep traffic levels from sweep over the network medium. It gets its key out because it avoids network traffic jams.

[6] In Asynchronous Transfer trend ( aura) networks, congestion control schemes whitethorn be based on fields at softheartedness the ATM cell header (CLP, EFCI within the PTI) or whitethorn be based on a more advanced mechanism between the ATM end-system and ATM switches. The ATM meetin g place has developed a mechanism based on ! compute control for Available Bit respect (ABR)-type traffic. In ashes Relay networks, congestion is handled by the FECN, BECN and DE bits. What causes congestion? The assumption that statistical multiplexing can be used to mitigate the link utilization is that the users do not reach their point in age rate values simultaneously, but since the traffic demands are stochastic and cannot be predicted, congestion is unavoidable....If you want to get a plenty essay, order it on our website: OrderCustomPaper.com

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